A systematic analysis of all experimental findings and observations gathered in physics, astronomy, and astrophysics from the times of Galileo may reveal the following:

Searching for this particle required that the physical nature of Planck's constant should be ascertained. This became possible only after the structure of a light beam had been understood. Namely, it was the photon sector velocity, known as Millikan constant μ, rather than the speed of light c, that proved to be a constant, viz., :

where λ_i and ν_i are the wavelength and frequency of the ith monochromatic beam of in the light beam.

This new quantity elucidated the physical nature of Planck's constant:

where m? is the mass of a second (after electron) true elementary particle to be called an electrino. From this expression we have

where m_u =1.66057 ?  10? ²⁷ kg is the mass of an elementary atom accepted as a mass equivalent of one atomic unit; n_е = 3 is the number of electrons in one elementary atom; e = 1.6021892 ?  10? ¹⁹ C is the charge of an electron; m_e = 9.038487 ?  10? ³¹ kg is an improved value of electron mass; n? = 2.418198867 ?  10⁸ is the number of electrinos in an elementary atom.

Now, it should be obvious that Planck's constant is the momentum of the electrino. Moreover, it was the Planck constant that concealed a second true elementary particle which is the charge counterpart of the electron discovered by J.J. Thompson as far back as in 1890.

This finding about Planck's constant served as a basis for a new theory of physics^[1] This theory in particular shows that the electrino is the carrier of the magnetic field and electrical current, a quantum light in all ranges, and a universal carrier of energy and information. The electrino players the role of a neutrino in moving along first order trajectories.

An extraordinary importance and novelty of the new theory required an experimental proof of the electrino. To this end we carried out several experiments in the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Moscow. These experiments were based on the following four effects predicted by the theory.

1. With electrinos, a light beam is a flux of particles having positive charge and finite mass. If produced by a dc source discharged through an incandescent lamp in which the current is converted to light and emitted, the source weight in a charged state must differ from its weight in a discharged state. If we prove this difference experimentally we may say that light does consists of material particles of finite mass and a dc charge carried away by light is positive because an incandescent lamp does not emit electrons.
2. The second effect to prove was that the weight of a discharging dc source is increasing whereas its weight when charged is decreasing.

To prove the validity of these predictions, we fabricated several sealed containers with different dc sources inside. The electrodes were brought out through glass insulators. The batteries were discharged through an electric lamp radiating in the visual and infrared ranges. The weight of containers was measured before a discharge and after it accurate to ±0.02 mg; the weights were known accurate to ± 0.05 mg; the standard deviation of the measurements was within σ = ± 0.03 mg; the buoyancy was calculated for each measurement of weight. In this paper, we present the results of only one test of a container with four mass produced rechargeable cells connected in series. The aggregate voltage of the battery reached 5400 mV, the charge capacity was 6000 mAh. The discharge was terminated when the voltage dropped to 4000 mV, the duration of the discharge being measured accurate to one second. Two series of experiments were run: one in air, the other, under argon. Each series was ten charge-discharge cycles (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The total amount of relevant experiments and a discussion of results have been summarized in a recently published brochure.^[2]

The results of the above tests allow us to make the following conclusions:

1. Both galvanic and rechargeable cells show reliable changes in their weight and charge during a discharge through an electric lamp, thus proving that light quanta have a finite mass and a positive electric charge.
2. A new elementary particle, named electrino, derived from Planck's constant in August 1982, and published in May 1994, thus enjoys a complete and absolute experimental confirmation.

One of the concept of the new theory is that the speed of light in vacuum is a function of photon frequency along the beam

According to the new theory, for the velocity of monochromatic light (solar light or mercury-discharge lamp, but not a laser) with a wavelength of λ_r =6.8 ? 10 -7 м (mid-point of the red line), we have

which is 58.823% of the speed c_v = 2.9979246 ?  10⁸ m/s of a violet beam with a wavelength of 4 ?  10? ⁷ m.

We note that, according to this theory, the laser beam is not a true light beam though formed of electrinos. The speed of laser beam is now equal to the speed of beam plus the speed of current in the conductor, viz.,

This statement is offered for experimental verification.

Table 1. Weight of container #6 (under argon) in charge-discharge experiments

Figure l. (1) Voltage drop [mV}of a battery and (2) weight increment [mg] of container #6 in an argon atmosphere during the second discharge cycle [minutes].

1. Basiev, D.K., Osnovy obyedinyonnoy teorii fiziki (Foundations of a unified theory of physics), Pedagogika, Moscow, 1994.
2. Basiev, D.K., Zaryad i massa fotona (The charge and mass of a photon), Pedagogika, Moscow, 2001.